SharpBranch

Baseball

2005-11-18T01:55:00.000-08:00

Cuba defeated

Mac Lane, Saunders

2005-10-15T22:00:00.000-07:00

Mac Lane graduated from Yale University in 1930 and then began graduate work at the University of Chicago. He soon moved to Germany, where he received his doctorate in 1933, with

Biblical Literature, Types of biblical hermeneutics

2005-07-27T01:25:00.000-07:00

As has been said, the importance of biblical hermeneutics has lain in the Bible's status as a sacred book in Judaism and Christianity, recording a divine revelation or reproducing divine oracles. The “oracles” are primarily prophetic utterances, but often their narrative setting has also come to acquire oracular status. Quite different hermeneutical principles,

Alabama, Soils

2005-07-24T14:15:00.000-07:00

There are four main soil zones found in Alabama. In the far north, the Tennessee valley contains the dark loams and red clays that add vivid dashes of colour to the landscape when exposed. Farther south lie the varied soils of a mineral belt, and these are succeeded by the rich limestone and marl soils of the Black Belt. Along the coast of Alabama there are sandy loams and

Saarinen, Eero

2005-07-07T17:00:00.000-07:00

Finnish-born U.S. architect who was one of the leaders in a trend toward exploration and experiment in American architectural design during the 1950s.

Gonçalves, Nuno

2005-07-05T21:05:00.000-07:00

Apparently Gonçalves was appointed court

Unterfranken

2005-06-28T21:30:00.000-07:00

English Lower Franconia Regierungsbezirk (administrative district), northwestern corner of Bavaria Land (state), central Germany. Unterfranken is bordered by Thuringia Land to the northeast, the Regierungsbezirke of Oberfranken (Upper Franconia) and Mittelfranken (Middle Franconia) to the east, Baden-Württemberg Land to the south, and Hesse Land to the west. The district occupies an area

Insurance, England

2005-06-15T14:45:00.000-07:00

Fire insurance arose much later, obtaining impetus from the Great Fire of London in 1666. A number of insurance companies were started in England after 1711, during the so-called bubble era. Many of them were fraudulent, get-rich-quick schemes concerned mainly with selling their securities to the public. Nevertheless, two important and successful English insurance companies

Jovian

2005-06-02T23:15:00.000-07:00

Jovian took part in the expedition of the emperor Julian against Sasanian Persia and was proclaimed emperor by his troops after Julian was killed on June 26, 363. To extricate his army from Persia, the new ruler immediately concluded a peace, ceding to the Persians all Roman territory east of the Tigris

Wieschaus, Eric F.

2005-05-31T18:00:00.000-07:00

American developmental biologist who shared the 1995 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, with geneticists Edward B. Lewis and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (qq.v.), for discovering the genetic controls of early embryonic development. Working together with Nüsslein-Volhard, Wieschaus expanded upon the innovative work of Lewis, who likewise

Aytoun, William Edmondstoune

2005-05-17T09:00:00.000-07:00

Born into a literary family, Aytoun learned from his mother to love Scottish ballads and history. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh and in Germany, and in 1840 he was called to the Scottish bar. That same year he first

Tien Shan, Glaciation

2005-05-15T06:35:00.000-07:00

The total area of the Tien Shan glaciers is some 3,900 square miles, of which approximately four-fifths is in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakstan. Largest among the several glacial areas are the region around Mount Han-t'eng-ko-li and Victory Peak and the O-ha-pu-t'e Mountains. There also are many glaciers in the Kok Shaal-Tau Range, the Akshiyrak Range, the Trans-Ili Alatau Range, and the

Gnatcatcher

2005-03-15T19:53:00.000-08:00

Also called �Gnatwren, � family name Polioptilidae, any of about 11 species of small birds of the genus Polioptila, treated by many authorities as a subfamily of the Old World warbler family Sylviidae. The blue-gray gnatcatcher (P. caerulea), 11 cm (4.5 inches) long, with its long white-edged tail, looks like a tiny mockingbird. It breeds locally from eastern Canada and California to

Silhouette Island

2005-03-14T08:25:00.000-08:00

Granitic island, third largest of the Seychelles archipelago, Republic of Seychelles, in the western Indian Ocean. It has an area of 7.6 sq mi (20 sq km), rises to 2,467 ft (751 m), and is 12 mi (19 km) northwest of Mah� Island. Virgin forests still grow in the more inaccessible parts of its mountainous terrain. The island is protected as a national park. Copra and fish are the main products. Pop. (1982 est.) 255.

Cornelius, Peter

2005-03-12T01:16:00.000-08:00

German composer and author, known for his comic opera Der Barbier von Bagdad (The Barber of Bagdad). The son of an actor and an actress, he acted at Mainz and at Wiesbaden in his youth. In 1845 he studied composition and was later music critic for two Berlin journals. From 1853 to 1858 he lived at Weimar in the circle of Liszt and the Princess Sayn-Wittgenstein

Cyprian, Saint

2005-03-10T04:05:00.000-08:00

Educated in Greece, Cyprian was appointed by Constantinople to be metropolitan of Kiev and Lithuania in 1375 and then of Moscow in 1381. In 1382 Cyprian was forced into exile by the prince of Moscow, Dmitry, who rejected all appointments made by Constantinople. Eight years later, following the succession of

Arnaut De Mareuil

2005-03-09T17:34:00.000-08:00

Little is known of Arnaut's life. His early poems were dedicated to his patroness, Adelaide, the daughter of Raymond V, count of Toulouse, and wife of Roger II, viscount of B�ziers.

Anderson, Richard Heron

2005-03-08T10:52:00.000-08:00

Anderson graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1842 and won the brevet of first lieutenant in the Mexican War, becoming first lieutenant in 1848 and captain in 1855; he took part in the following year in the Kansas troubles. At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, he resigned from the

D.b.e.

2005-03-07T15:06:00.000-08:00

Dame commander of the British Empire, member of the second highest class of a British order of knighthood. See British Empire, The Most Excellent Order of the.

Maha-sivaratri

2005-03-06T18:49:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: �Great Night of Siva�), the most important sectarian festival of the year for devotees of the Hindu god Siva. The 14th day of the dark half of each lunar month is specially sacred to Siva, but when it occurs in the month of Magha (January-February) and, to a lesser extent, in the month of Phalguna (February-March), it is a day of particular rejoicing. The preceding day the participant

Interlochen

2005-03-05T13:16:00.000-08:00

Interlochen is best known as the home of the Interlochen

Dahmer, Jeffrey

2005-03-04T06:30:00.000-08:00

While Dahmer was a teenager, he experienced fantasies of killing and mutilating men. He committed his first murder in Bath township, Ohio, in 1978. A second murder followed in 1987, and during the next five years he

Quaking Grass

2005-03-03T14:56:00.000-08:00

The various species are native to Eurasia. Briza maxima, B. media, and B. minor (shivery grass) are cultivated as ornamentals and have become naturalized in temperate

Ukrainian Literature

2005-03-02T14:08:00.000-08:00

The body of writings in the Ukrainian language. The earliest writings of the Ukrainians, works produced in Kievan Rus from the 11th to the 13th century, were composed in Church Slavonic and are thus the common literary heritage of the Russians and Belarusians as well. After the Mongol invasion (13th century), Ukrainian literature was in decline until its revival in the 16th

Auchincloss, Louis

2005-03-01T00:05:00.000-08:00

Auchincloss studied at Yale University from 1935 to 1939 and graduated from the University of Virginia Law School in 1941. He was admitted to the New York state bar that same year and began a legal career that would last

Spandrel

2005-02-28T05:59:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Spandril, � the roughly triangular area above and on either side of an arch, bounded by a line running horizontally through the apex of the arch, a line rising vertically from the springing of the arch, and the curved extrados, or top of the arch. When arches adjoin, the entire area between their crowns and springing line is a spandrel. If it is filled in, as is ordinarily the case, the

Dragon Rug

2005-02-27T14:59:00.000-08:00

Early examples are narrow for their length, with a single-stripe

More, Sir Anthony

2005-02-26T17:28:00.000-08:00

More studied his art under Jan van Scorel, and, after making a professional visit to Italy, he began to paint portraits in the style of Hans Holbein. His rise to eminence was rapid. In 1552 he was invited to Madrid by the emperor Charles V. In 1554 he

Marqu�s, Ren�

2005-02-25T06:32:00.000-08:00

His best-known play,

Wage And Salary, Subsistence theory

2005-02-23T01:30:00.000-08:00

Subsistence theories emphasize the supply aspects and neglect the demand aspects of the labour market. They hold that change in the supply of workers is the basic force that drives real wages to the minimum required for subsistence. Elements of a subsistence theory appear in The Wealth of Nations, where Smith wrote that the wages paid to workers had to be enough

Annelid, Hormones

2005-02-22T16:41:00.000-08:00

Neurosecretory cells, which are nerve cells that produce hormones, are found in the brain; their structure, similar to that of nonsecretory nerve cells, consists of fine projections (an axon and neurofibrils)

Italian Literature, Poetry after World War II

2005-02-21T23:41:00.000-08:00

Paradoxically, of all the forms of writing, poetry seems to be the form most thriving, although one late 20th-century critic remarked that there may be more poets in Italy than readers of poetry. Furthermore, the more recent the author, the more arguable his or her place in the canon. An authoritative 1,200-page anthology by two experts in the field, poet Maurizio Cucchi and critic

Eisenhower, Mamie

2005-02-19T19:16:00.000-08:00

Although she did not change the job of first lady, Mamie Eisenhower was a favourite of many American women, who imitated her youthful style (known as the �Mamie style�) and what her husband called her �unaffected manner.�

Furniture, Fireplaces

2005-02-18T00:13:00.000-08:00

The heating of rooms and large halls remained a major problem until the advent of modern central heating systems. The open hearth was replaced during the late Middle Ages by the fireplace, which is merely an architectonic way of framing the burning logs. During the period when it was important as a source of heat, the fireplace became the object of design work by significant

China, Internal migration

2005-02-17T07:02:00.000-08:00

Migrations have occurred often throughout the history of China. Sometimes they took place because a famine or political disturbance would cause the depopulation of an area already intensively cultivated, after which people in adjacent crowded regions would move in to occupy the deserted land. Sometime between 1640 and 1646 a peasant rebellion broke out in Szechwan,

Arts, Central Asian, Turkish literature

2005-02-16T23:40:00.000-08:00

The purely Turkish period in the history of Turkish literatures came before the conversion of the Turks to Islam and covers approximately the 8th to the 11th centuries AD. The oldest literary legacy of the period is found in the Orhon inscriptions, found in the Orhon valley, northern Mongolia, in 1889 and deciphered in 1893 by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen. The inscriptions

Pacific Ocean, The westerlies

2005-02-15T08:35:00.000-08:00

Within the belts of the westerly winds, cold easterly winds from polar regions meet the warm westerly winds of the middle latitudes, causing the formation of the traveling depressions characteristic of middle latitudes. The zone of convergence, or polar front, is most strongly developed in winter when the contrast in temperature and humidity of the air between

Permafrost

2005-02-14T17:59:00.000-08:00

Arthur H. Lachenbruch, Mechanics of Thermal Contraction Cracks and Ice-Wedge Polygons in Permafrost (1962), is a classic paper on the quantitative interpretation of the formation of ice-wedge polygons in permafrost. Troy L. P�w�, Richard E. Church, and Marvin J. Andresen, Origin and Paleoclimatic Significance of Large-Scale Patterned Ground in the Donnelly Dome Area, Alaska (1969), discusses the origin of ice-wedge casts and relict permafrost in central Alaska and offers paleoclimatic interpretations. R. Dale Guthrie, Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe (1990), discusses fossil carcasses of Ice Age mammals preserved in permafrost. Troy L. P�w�, Geologic Hazards of the Fairbanks Area, Alaska (1982), a highly illustrated work, contains an up-to-date presentation of the greatest geologic hazard to life in polar areas: problems posed by seasonally and perennially frozen ground. G.H. Johnston (ed.), Permafrost: Engineering Design and Construction (1981), is a comprehensive book on construction problems in permafrost areas, with examples mainly from northern Canada. Troy L. P�w�, �Permafrost,� in George A. Kiersch et al. (eds.), The Heritage of Engineering Geology: The First Hundred Years (1991), pp. 277 - 298, provides an up-to-date, well-illustrated treatment of the origin, distribution, and ice content of permafrost and of engineering problems in permafrost regions.

Austrian Succession, War Of The

2005-02-13T09:37:00.000-08:00

In the war for the Austrian succession itself, France unsuccessfully supported the dubious claims of Bavaria, Saxony, and Spain to parts of the Habsburg domain and supported the claim of Charles

Ford, Betty

2005-02-12T02:09:00.000-08:00

After Gerald Ford narrowly lost the election of 1976 to Jimmy Carter, the Fords retired to Rancho Mirage, California, where Betty's dependence on prescription drugs continued. In early 1978, under pressure from her family, she agreed to enter a treatment centre in Long Beach, California. After her successful stay she founded the Betty Ford Center to treat others with similar addictions; the centre became very popular and attracted patients from all walks of life. Although much about her life was traditional, Betty Ford compiled a remarkably independent record as first lady, and she became enormously popular for her honesty and candour.

Taeuber, Conrad; And Barnes Taeuber, Irene

2005-02-11T00:12:00.000-08:00

Conrad Taeuber was educated at the University of Minnesota (Ph.D., 1931). He held a number of positions in

Luxor

2005-02-10T09:21:00.000-08:00

Also called �El-Aksur,� or� Al-Uqsur,�

Zande

2005-02-09T21:59:00.000-08:00

Also called �Azande�, also spelled �Asande� a people of central Africa who speak a language of the Adamawa-Ubangi branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Extending across the Nile-Congo drainage divide, they live partly in The Sudan, partly in Congo (Kinshasa), and partly in the Central African Republic. The regions they inhabit, savanna in the north and rainforest in the south, are mostly suitable for agriculture

New Guinea

2005-02-08T06:16:00.000-08:00

Culloden, Battle Of

2005-02-07T18:26:00.000-08:00

Also called �Battle Of Drummossie� (April 16, 1746), the last battle of the �Forty-five Rebellion,� when the Jacobites, under Charles Edward, the Young Pretender (�Bonnie Prince Charlie�), were defeated by British forces under William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Culloden is a tract of moorland in the county of Inverness, Scotland, forming a part of the northeast of Drummossie Moor and lying about 6 miles (10 km) east of

Balbo, Italo

2005-02-05T22:09:00.000-08:00

After studying at Florence University and the Institute of Social Science in Rome, Balbo served as an officer in the Alpine Corps during World War I. An early Fascist, he led the Blackshirt militia in the March on Rome (October

Ilex

2005-02-04T17:41:00.000-08:00

Genus of plants commonly known collectively as holly (q.v.).

Arts, Central Asian, Mongolian Huns

2005-02-03T23:02:00.000-08:00

In the 4th century BC the Huns started to migrate westward from the Ordos region. By the 3rd century BC they had reached the Transbaikalia and had begun to enter Mongolia, which soon became the centre of their empire. Many mounds mark their progress. Those in the Zidzha Valley lie at the same latitude as the Pazyryk mounds and were subjected to similar conditions of freezing,

Pocahontas

2005-02-02T14:06:00.000-08:00

Matoaka, whose pet name was

Steer Wrestling

2005-02-01T06:38:00.000-08:00

Also called �bulldogging� rodeo event in which a mounted cowboy chases a full-grown steer, dives from his horse on top of the animal, grasps its horns, digs his heels in the ground to bring the animal to a stop, and twists it to the ground. The event is timed from the moment a barrier in front of the cowboy is released to the moment the steer is judged down - i.e., flat on its side with all four legs and head in

Nei-chiang

2005-01-31T05:33:00.000-08:00

In medieval times the locality was an important salt-producing area, but in recent times its

Castelnau, Michel De, Sieur (lord) De La Mauvissi�re

2005-01-30T13:18:00.000-08:00

As a young man, Castelnau served under local commanders in Piedmont and in Picardy. After the Peace of Cateau-Cambr�sis (1559), he entered the king's service and was sent on diplomatic missions in 1560 to England, Germany, Savoy, and Rome. After

Noord-brabant

2005-01-29T17:47:00.000-08:00

English �North Brabant� provincie (province), second largest of The Netherlands, extending northward from the Belgium border, between the provinces of Zeeland (west) and Limburg (east), to the Maas (Meuse) and Merwede rivers. It is drained by the Mark (Merk) and Dommel rivers and the Zuidwillemsvaart and Wilhelmina canals. Its capital is 's Hertogenbosch. Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron Age remains attest

Aerospace Industry, Missiles

2005-01-28T23:30:00.000-08:00

Missiles (see rocket and missile system), which are unpiloted, rocket- or jet-powered delivery systems for munitions, have assumed an important role in military strategy and tactics. Originally conceived as powered artillery shells and therefore the purview of munitions manufacturers, they rapidly became products of the aerospace industry by virtue of the ranges

Literature

2005-01-27T02:31:00.000-08:00

For historical treatment of various

Jiaguwen

2005-01-26T09:01:00.000-08:00

Turtle carapaces and ox scapulae with inscriptions scratched into them were discovered about 1900 in the area of Xiaotun, a village in Henan province. In subsequent excavations, scholars uncovered extensive remains and conclusive evidence of the existence

Hwange National Park

2005-01-25T10:43:00.000-08:00

Formerly �Wankie National Park, � park in northwestern Zimbabwe, on the Botswana frontier. It was established in 1928 as a game reserve, and as a national park in 1930. The park's area of 5,657 square miles (14,651 square km) is largely flat and contains fine hardwood forests of mukwa and Zimbabwean teak. Hwange is one of Africa's largest elephant sanctuaries and is also the habitat of thousands of Cape buffalo as well as giraffes,

Br�guet, Abraham-louis

2005-01-24T17:16:00.000-08:00

Br�guet was apprenticed in 1762 to a watchmaker at Versailles. He took refuge in London during the French Revolution and, upon his return to France, became a principal watchmaker of the Empire. Among Br�guet's many inventions

Bavand Dynasty

2005-01-23T02:45:00.000-08:00

The origins and early years of the dynasty

Chang Chien

2005-01-22T22:28:00.000-08:00

Chang received a traditional Confucian education and, at the age of 41, he passed the top level of the civil service examination. The following year China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, and Chang retired from office to

Lighthouse

2005-01-21T04:48:00.000-08:00

Structure, usually with a tower, built onshore or on the seabed to serve as an aid to maritime coastal navigation, warning the mariner of hazards, establishing his position, and guiding him to his destination. From the sea a lighthouse may be identified by the distinctive shape or colour of its structure, by the colour or flash pattern of its light, or by the coded pattern

Kaminska, Ida

2005-01-20T15:57:00.000-08:00

The daughter of the well-known Yiddish actors Abraham Isaac and Ester Rachel Kaminski, she appeared for the first time onstage at age five. Her true debut was in Warsaw (1916) with the theatre company named for her father.

World War I, The Serbian campaign, 1914

2005-01-19T00:55:00.000-08:00

The first Austrian invasion of Serbia was launched with numerical inferiority (part of one of the armies originally destined for the Balkan front having been diverted to the Eastern Front on August 18); and the able Serbian commander, Radomir Putnik, brought the invasion to an early end by his victories on the Cer Mountain (August 15 - 20) and at

Fable, Parable, And Allegory, Old Testament

2005-01-18T01:24:00.000-08:00

The Old Testament, including its prophetic books, has a core of historical record focusing on the trials of the tribes of Israel. In their own view an elect nation, the Israelites believe their history spells out a providential design. The Prophets understand the earliest texts, Genesis and Exodus, in terms of this providential scheme. Hebraic texts are interpreted

Yamato-koriyama

2005-01-17T01:26:00.000-08:00

Also called �Koriyama-kingyo� (Koriyama-Goldfish), city, Nara ken (prefecture), western Honshu, Japan. It is located 3 miles (5 km) southwest of Nara city. A prehistoric settlement, it became a castle town during the last decade of the 15th century. With the opening of a trunk line of the National Railway, a modern textile factory was established there in 1893. The most important industry of the city has been goldfish

Placental Mammal

2005-01-16T10:06:00.000-08:00

Any member of the mammalian infraclass Eutheria, characterized by the presence of a placenta, which facilitates exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood of the mother and that of the fetus. The infraclass Eutheria includes all living mammals except marsupials and monotremes. Some authorities consider the marsupials (infraclass Metatheria) to be placental

Ueno

2005-01-15T03:09:00.000-08:00

City, Mie ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies in an intermontane basin at the head of the Kii Peninsula. The city developed around a castle built in 1611 and still retains some of its early character. Hakuho Park is on the site of the old castle, which was rebuilt in 1953. The Aizen Temple in Ueno is dedicated to the god of love. The industry of the city includes the traditional manufacture

Sangre De Cristo Mountains

2005-01-14T05:08:00.000-08:00

Segment of the southern Rocky Mountains, extending south-southeastward for about 250 miles (400 km) from Poncha Pass, in south-central Colorado, U.S., to the low divide southwest of Las Vegas, N.M., in north-central New Mexico. Usually considered an extension of the Front Range (q.v.), they are divided into the Culebra and Sangre de Cristo ranges in Colorado. Many of their glaciated summits

Italy, The age of the Hohenstaufen

2005-01-13T14:33:00.000-08:00

The 12th century witnessed the creation of a new political order in Italy. It was not a tidy process, however. In the south, the foundations laid by the Normans of Capua and by the Hautevilles gained strength with the conquest of Sicily from the Muslims in the late 11th century. Following the death of Robert Guiscard, his brother, Roger I, count of Sicily, went to the mainland

Hawkwood, Sir John

2005-01-12T06:44:00.000-08:00

The son of a tanner, Hawkwood chose a soldier's career, serving in the French wars of Edward III, who probably bestowed a knighthood on him. After the Treaty of Br�tigny temporarily ended Anglo-French hostilities (1360), Hawkwood became the leader

Di�mer, Louis-joseph

2005-01-11T04:07:00.000-08:00

He was a student at the Paris Conservatoire from 1855 to 1861, and from 1863 he performed regularly, playing at the Alard, Pasdeloup, Colonne, Lamoureux, and Conservatoire concerts with great success; his repertoire included pieces written for him by Charles-Marie

Porres, Saint Mart�n De

2005-01-10T06:26:00.000-08:00

Born of a liaison between a Spanish grandee and a free black woman, Mart�n de Porres became a Dominican oblate, or lay monastic, in 1601. Although it was not customary then to receive a mulatto into a religious order in Peru, Mart�n was considered an exception and became a Dominican lay

Shelepin, Aleksandr Nikolayevich

2005-01-09T19:32:00.000-08:00

Shelepin joined the Communist Party in 1940 and rose rapidly in both the party and the Soviet government.

Balcon, Sir Michael

2005-01-08T18:23:00.000-08:00

He began his career as a producer in 1922, founded and directed Gainsborough Pictures, Ltd., in 1928, and became the director of production for Gaumont-British Pictures, Ltd., in 1931. From 1936 to 1938 he worked as producer for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and from 1938 to 1959 as executive producer

Van Vleck, John H.

2005-01-07T00:58:00.000-08:00

Educated at the University of Wisconsin, Madison,

Roussel, Albert(-charles-paul-marie)

2005-01-06T14:35:00.000-08:00

Roussel joined the French navy at the age of 18 and made several journeys to Southeast Asia, the exotic impressions of which he recalled in later orchestral and dramatic works. At 25 he resigned his

Adam And Eve

2005-01-05T04:18:00.000-08:00

In the Bible, there are two accounts of their creation. According to the Priestly (P) history of the 5th or 6th century BC (Genesis 1:1 - 2:4), God on the sixth day of Creation created all the living creatures and, �in his own image,� man both �male and female.� God then blessed the couple, told them

France, History Of, Germans and Gallo-Romans

2005-01-04T01:06:00.000-08:00

The settlement of Germanic peoples in Roman Gaul brought people from two entirely different backgrounds into contact. Linguistic barriers were quickly overcome, for the Germans adopted Latin. At the same time, German names were preponderant. Although there were religious difficulties in those regions settled by peoples converted to Arianism (Visigoths, Burgundians),

Handl, Jacob

2005-01-03T09:22:00.000-08:00

A Cistercian monk, Handl traveled in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, was a member of the Viennese court chapel in 1574, and was choirmaster to the bishop of Olm�tz (modern Olomouc, Czech Republic) in 1579 - 85. His most notable

Respiratory Therapy

2005-01-02T04:22:00.000-08:00

One of the conditions frequently dealt with is obstruction of breathing passages, in which therapy may consist of clearing the airway of mucus or liquid secretion

Posada, Jos� Guadalupe

2005-01-01T20:15:00.000-08:00

As a child Posada worked as a farm labourer and in a pottery factory. He taught school for a short time and then began to draw, inspired largely by posters for the Rea Circus. Gradually he was attracted

Hadramawt

2004-12-31T20:23:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Hadhramaut� ancient South Arabian kingdom that occupied what are now southern and southeastern Yemen and the present-day Sultanate of Oman (Muscat and Oman). Hadramawt maintained its political independence until late in the 3rd century AD, when it was conquered by the kingdom of Saba'.

East End

2004-12-30T14:28:00.000-08:00

Traditional area of London, lying east of Shoreditch High Street, Houndsditch, Aldgate High Street, and Tower Bridge Approach. It extends eastward to the River Lea and lies mainly in the Inner London borough of Tower Hamlets, part of the historic county of Middlesex. In the Middle Ages the East End was part of the great parish of Stepney. It began to take on an identity

Steeple Cup

2004-12-29T08:03:00.000-08:00

Tall standing cup, the cover of which characteristically bears an obelisk finial (sometimes surmounted by a figure) that rises on scrolled brackets from the cover. With an egg-shaped or globular bowl and cover, a short baluster stem, and a tall, trumpet-shaped foot, these cups seem to have emerged only in England and for a short period between about 1590 and the 1630s. They were usually

France, History Of, Gaul under the late Roman Empire (c. 250 - c. 400)

2004-12-28T06:17:00.000-08:00

High Roman Gaul came to an end in an empirewide crisis characterized by foreign invasions and a rapid succession of rulers, as increased pressure on the empire's frontiers exacerbated its internal economic and political weaknesses. Priority was given to holding the Danube and the East; despite sporadic visits by emperors, the West was neglected. In 260 and 276 Gaul suffered

Trafalgar, Battle Of

2004-12-27T07:18:00.000-08:00

At the end of September 1805, Villeneuve had

Philippines, Relief and drainage

2004-12-26T09:56:00.000-08:00

The irregular configuration of the archipelago, the coastline of more than 21,500 miles, the great extent of mountainous country, the narrow and interrupted coastal plains, the generally northward trend of the river systems, and the lakes are the outstanding physical features of the Philippines. The islands are composed of volcanic, coral, and all principal rock formations.

Squash

2004-12-25T01:26:00.000-08:00

With most of the world's top squash players participating at the Commonwealth Games, held on July 25 - August 4 in Manchester, Eng., the singles events became something of an unofficial world championships. The men's final saw another duel between the number one and number two players, Peter Nicol of England and Jonathon Power of Canada. Nicol had taken the title four years

Ecorse

2004-12-24T00:50:00.000-08:00

City, Wayne county, Michigan, U.S. It lies along the Detroit River and is one of several contiguous southwest suburbs of Detroit known as downriver communities. Settled about 1815 on the site of an Indian camp and burial ground, it was called Grandport and developed in the early 20th century with the growth of the Ford Motor Company in nearby Dearborn. Its name was derived from

Zither

2004-12-22T13:54:00.000-08:00

Any of several stringed musical instruments. The European zither consists of a flat, shallow sound box across which gut or metal strings are stretched. The strings nearest the player run above a fretted fingerboard against which they are stopped by the left hand to provide melody notes; they are plucked by a plectrum worn on the right thumb. At the same time, the right-hand

Baseball, Infielders

2004-12-21T17:48:00.000-08:00

The infielders form the inner ring of defense. They sometimes catch line drives on the fly, but mainly they pick up ground balls that roll toward the outfield or shoot swiftly across the grass on one or more bounces. When a batted ball strikes the ground, the play becomes a race between the batter running to first and an infielder trying to gain control of the ball and

Techno

2004-12-20T01:46:00.000-08:00

Influenced by Kraftwerk's Teutonic electro-pop and Alvin

Bone Conduction

2004-12-19T04:35:00.000-08:00

The conduction of sound through the bones of the skull. Two types of bone conduction are recognized. In compressional bone conduction, high-pitched sounds cause the segments of the skull to vibrate individually. The vibrations, by compressing the bony case of the inner ear, stimulate the sensory cells that are involved in perceiving sound waves in the air. In inertial

Hadrumetum

2004-12-18T09:03:00.000-08:00

Modern �Susah�, also spelled� Sousa, �or �Sousse� ancient Phoenician colony some 100 miles (160 km) south of Carthage, on the east coast of the Al-Hammamat Gulf in what is now Tunisia. Hadrumetum was one of the most important communities within the Carthaginian territory in northern Africa because of its location on the sea at the edge of the fertile Sahel region. In the Third Punic War (149 - 146 BC) Hadrumetum sided with Rome, and its citizens

Wynne (o Lasynys), Ellis

2004-12-17T05:55:00.000-08:00

Clergyman and author whose Gweledigaetheu y Bardd Cwsc (1703; �Visions of the Sleeping Bard�) is generally considered the greatest Welsh prose classic. An adaptation of Sir Roger L'Estrange's translation of the Spanish satirist Quevedo's Sue�os (1627; �Visions�), savage pictures of contemporary evils, it followed its original

I-yang

2004-12-16T23:32:00.000-08:00

Pinyin �Yiyang, � city, northern Hunan sheng (province), China. The city is situated approximately 47 miles (75 km) northwest of Ch'ang-sha on the Tzu River, to the south of Lake Tung-t'ing, on the main highway from Ch'ang-sha to Ch'ang-te. An ancient county, it was established in the 2nd century BC. Its seat was originally sited northeast of the present city, but it moved in T'ang (618 - 907) times. From 589 it was a county subordinate

Deighton, Len

2004-12-15T11:32:00.000-08:00

Deighton was educated at St. Martin's School of Art, London, and the Royal College of Art. He worked at a number of jobs after graduation, including pastry cook,

Talambo Affair

2004-12-14T15:31:00.000-08:00

Following the attack at Talambo, the Spanish government sent an investigator, whom it called a viceroy (the title of the

Merchandising

2004-12-13T23:04:00.000-08:00

Element of marketing that is concerned specifically with promoting the sale of goods and services to consumers. See marketing.

Annelid, Regeneration

2004-12-12T19:00:00.000-08:00

It has been said that annelids are the most highly organized animals with the power of complete regeneration. The powers of regeneration are greater in the polychaetes and lower oligochaetes than in the higher oligochaetes; leeches lack the ability to regenerate. Most polychaetes and oligochaetes can regenerate a new tail. The ability to replace an amputated